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Creating a Multicloud Infrastructure Using Terraform

Published by Jeff Novotny
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Terraform is an open-source tool that is built by HashiCorp. Using the HashiCorp Configuration Language (HCL), you can automate deploying your infrastructure, and provisioning its resources.

With only a few configuration files, you can build, manage, update, and delete your infrastructure using Terraform. This technique, enabled by Terraform, is known as Infrastructure as Code (IaC).

This guide explains how to use Terraform and HCL to define and deploy a multicloud environment that spans Linode and another vendor.

What is Infrastructure as Code (IaC)?

Code that declares the final state of your desired infrastructure is referred to Infrastructure as Code.

The Advantages of IaC:

  • Reliability: Your resources are configured exactly as they are declared.

  • Agility: IaC reduces manual work and eliminates configuration errors and inconsistencies.

  • Increased speed & efficiency: IaC allows you to spin up your entire infrastructure architecture with a few configuration files —you can launch cloud services, and storage systems in minutes.

  • Reusability: DevOps teams can reuse existing IaC configuration files in various environments.

  • Collaboration: You can version control your configuration files allowing you to collaborate with team members to maintain your infrastructure.

  • Reduced risk: Adapting IaC provides low-cost disaster recovery. You can recover large systems (even at a different locations) using IaC.

The Benefits of a Multicloud Terraform Environment

  • Cost-efficient infrastructure: Build your infrastructure using a mix of the most cost-efficient services provided by different cloud providers.

  • Consistency and fault tolerance: You can deploy similar infrastructures on different cloud providers or local data centers. Developers can use the same tools and configuration files to manage each cloud provider’s resources, simultaneously. A single Terraform command can oversee deployments to multiple providers and even handle cross-cloud dependencies.

Before You Begin

  1. If you have not already done so, create a Linode account and Compute Instance. See our Getting Started with Linode and Creating a Compute Instance guides.

  2. Follow our Setting Up and Securing a Compute Instance guide to update your system. You may also wish to set the timezone, configure your hostname, create a limited user account, and harden SSH access.

  3. You need a personal access token for Linode’s API v4 to use with Terraform and the Terraform Linode Provider. Follow the Getting Started with the Linode API to get a token.

Note
This guide is written for a non-root user. Commands that require elevated privileges are prefixed with sudo. If you’re not familiar with the sudo command, see the Linux Users and Groups guide.

Downloading Terraform on your Linode Server

In this section, you install Terraform on an Ubuntu 20.04 Linode. These steps are generally applicable to most Debian-based distributions. You can use the Linode server as the hub for your Terraform-managed infrastructure, however, you can also install Terraform on your computer.

To download Terraform on a Linode server, follow the steps below:

  1. Login to the Linode server via SSH. This is the Linode server where you want to install Terraform. Replace 192.0.2.0 with your Linode’s IP address.

    ssh username@192.0.2.0

  2. Get the latest list of packages and update all installed packages.

     sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get upgrade

  3. Create a new directory for Terraform, and change to this directory.

     mkdir terraform
 cd terraform

  4. Download Terraform using the wget command or from Terraform’s download page. This guide is written for the latest Terraform version 0.15.0 (at the time of writing this guide).

     wget https://releases.hashicorp.com/terraform/0.15.0/terraform_0.15.0_linux_amd64.zip
    Note
    Previous versions of Terraform can be found on the Terraform releases page.

  5. Download the SHA256SUMS file, and checksum sig file for the most recent version of Terraform (0.15.0 in this case).

    • The SHA256 checksum file:

        wget https://releases.hashicorp.com/terraform/0.15.0/terraform_0.15.0_SHA256SUMS

    • The checksum signature file:

        wget https://releases.hashicorp.com/terraform/0.15.0/terraform_0.15.0_SHA256SUMS.sig

Verify the Terraform Download

  1. Locate HashiCorp’s public GPG key on their Security page under the “Secure Communications” section. The key ID is 51852D87348FFC4C.

     gpg --recv-keys 51852D87348FFC4C

    The following output confirms that the gpg key has been successfully imported.

    gpg: directory '/root/.gnupg' created
gpg: keybox '/root/.gnupg/pubring.kbx' created
gpg: /root/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
gpg: key 51852D87348FFC4C: public key "HashiCorp Security <security@hashicorp.com>" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: imported: 1

  2. Use gpg to validate the signature file. Use the exact names of the sig and SHA256 files.

       gpg --verify terraform_0.15.0_SHA256SUMS.sig terraform_0.15.0_SHA256SUMS

    The following output confirms that the sig file is a good signature from HashiCorp Security.

    gpg: Signature made Wed Apr 14 15:41:39 2021 UTC
gpg: using RSA key 91A6E7F85D05C65630BEF18951852D87348FFC4C
gpg: Good signature from "HashiCorp Security <security@hashicorp.com>" [unknown]

  3. Ensure the RSA key displayed in the output of the last step matches the fingerprint shown on the Terraform Security page. The fingerprint is located in the same place as the GPG key in the “Secure Communications” section.

  4. Verify the checksum of the zip archive. For the following command, use the exact name of the SHA256SUMS file.

     sha256sum -c terraform_0.15.0_SHA256SUMS 2>&1 | grep OK

    The sha256sum program displays the name of the zip file along with the status. If the status is NOT OK, then the zip file is corrupt and must be downloaded again.

    terraform_0.15.0_linux_amd64.zip: OK

Installing and Configuring Terraform on the Linode Server

  1. Unzip the terraform_*_linux_amd64.zip to your terraform directory.

     unzip terraform_0.15.0_linux_amd64.zip
    Note
    If you receive an error that indicates unzip is missing from your system, install the unzip package using the following command sudo apt install unzip and try again.

  2. Edit your ~./profile to include the ~/terraform directory in your PATH. Then, reload the profile.

     echo 'export PATH="$PATH:$HOME/terraform" ' >> ~/.profile
 source ~/.profile

  3. Verify Terraform installation by running the terraform command without any arguments. The Terraform usage information is displayed followed by the list of common commands.

     terraform

    Usage: terraform [global options] <subcommand> [args]
The available commands for execution are listed below.
The primary workflow commands are given first, followed by
less common or more advanced commands.

Main commands:
init Prepare your working directory for other commands
validate Check whether the configuration is valid
plan Show changes required by the current configuration
apply Create or update infrastructure
destroy Destroy previously-created infrastructure

All other commands:
...

Define your Multicloud Infrastructure Using Terraform

Terraform depends on plugins called Providers. Each provider adds a set of resource types or data sources that are managed by Terraform.

Terraform configurations must declare which providers they require so that Terraform can use them. Terraform can understand two types of configuration files: JSON, and HashiCorp Configuration Language (HCL).

This guide uses the HCL format. HCL files end with the .tf extension.

Defining the Linode Infrastructure

The following steps explain how you can construct a multicloud configuration consisting of one Linode, and one service form the Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud. This section makes use of the Terraform Linode Provider and the Amazon Web Services (AWS) Provider.

  1. Create a file linode-terraform.tf in your terraform directory.

     cd terraform
 vi linode-terraform.tf

  2. At the top of the file, add a terraform block to define the Linode Provider, followed by the declaration of the Linode provider itself. Within the provider block, add the token declaration. See Linode’s guide on Getting Started with the Linode API to learn how to create an API token, if you have not done so already.

    File: ~/terraform/linode-terraform.tf
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    terraform {
  required_providers {
      linode = {
        source = "linode/linode"
        version = "1.16.0"
      }
  }
}

# Linode Provider definition

provider  "linode" {
  token = var.token
}

  3. Define the Linode Resources. In this case, you define a new Linode instance as the resource to deploy. Then, you assign values for all the required resource configurations.

    File: ~/terraform/linode-terraform.tf
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    resource  "linode_instance"  "terraform" {
  image = "linode/ubuntu20.04"
  label = "Terraform-Example"
  group = "Terraform"
  region = "us-east"
  type = "g6-standard-1"
  authorized_keys = [ var.authorized_keys ]
  root_pass = var.root_pass
}

  4. The full linode-terraform.tf file, including both the provider and resource sections, is shown below.

    These configurations create a Linode 2GB labeled terraform-example and place it in the terraform Linodes group. You can replace the values with your own desired values. Lists of the allowable values for each of the fields, such as the region, are found in the Linode API.

    File: ~/terraform/linode-terraform.tf
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    terraform {
  required_providers {
  linode = {
    source = "linode/linode"
    version = "1.16.0"
    }
  }
}

# Linode Provider definition

provider  "linode" {
  token = var.token
}

resource  "linode_instance"  "terraform" {
  image = "linode/ubuntu20.04"
  label = "terraform-example"
  group = "terraform"
  region = "us-east"
  type = "g6-standard-1"
  authorized_keys = [ var.authorized_keys ]
  root_pass = var.root_pass
}

  5. Within the same terraform directory, create a second file named variables.tf, and declare all the variables from linode-terraform.tf, as shown below.

     vi variables.tf
    File: ~/terraform/variables.tf
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    variable "token" {}
variable "authorized_keys" {}
variable "root_pass" {}

  6. Create a third file in the terraform directory named terraform.tfvars. This file is to define the actual values for each variable. For the variables - token, authorized_keys, and root_pass, substitute your Linode API token, your SSH key, and a secure password for the device, respectively.

     vi terraform.tfvars
    File: ~/terraform/terraform.tfvars
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    token = "YOUR_LINODE_API_TOKEN"
authorized_keys = "YOUR_PUBLIC_SSH_KEY"
root_pass ="YOUR_ROOT_PASSWORD"
    Note
    It might also make sense to declare variables for fields where each resource has the same value. If each Linode uses the same image, define an image variable and assign var.image to the image parameter of each resource. This makes it easier to update the image information for all of the devices.

Defining the AWS Infrastructure

Prerequisites to provision AWS resources using Terraform

  • An AWS account
  • An AWS secret key

The following example demonstrates how you can configure a database table in the DynamoDB service. For more information on how to define AWS resources in Terraform, consult the AWS Provider in the Terraform Registry. Follow the steps below to specify the AWS resources.

  1. Create a new file named aws-terraform.tf inside the terraform directory.

     vi aws-terraform.tf

  2. Declare the AWS provider by specifying an AWS region for the resource, along with variable references for the aws_access_key, and aws_secret_key.

    File: ~/terraform/aws-terraform.tf
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    # Initialize the AWS Provider

provider "aws" {
  access_key = var.aws_access_key
  secret_key = var.aws_secret_key
  region = "eu-west-2"
}

  3. Add a declaration for the AWS resource. The entire file, including the provider information, is shown below. This aws_dynamodb_tabe resource configures a database table in the DynamoDB service.

    File: ~/terraform/aws-terraform.tf
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    # Initialize the AWS Provider

provider "aws" {
  access_key = var.aws_access_key
  secret_key = var.aws_secret_key
  region = "eu-west-2"
}
resource "aws_dynamodb_table" "inventory-dynamodb-table" {
  name           = "RecordInventory"
  billing_mode   = "PROVISIONED"
  read_capacity  = 20
  write_capacity = 20
  hash_key       = "ArtistName"
  range_key      = "AlbumTitle"

  attribute {
    name = "ArtistName"
    type = "S"
  }

  attribute {
    name = "AlbumTitle"
    type = "S"
  }
}

  4. Edit the variables.tf file, and add the new variables used in aws-terraform.tf to the bottom of the file, as shown below.

    Note
    If a large number of variables are used throughout the configuration files, each cloud vendor should have its own variables file.
    File: ~/terraform/variables.tf
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    ...
variable "aws_access_key" {}
variable "aws_secret_key" {}

  5. Edit the terraform.tfvars, and add the actual values of your AWS keys.

    File: ~/terraform/terraform.tfvars
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    ...
aws_access_key = "YOUR_AWS_ACCESS_TOKEN"
aws_secret_key = "YOUR_AWS_SSH_KEY"

Initialize, Review Plan, and Execute Terraform

To deploy Terraform, the following three steps are required.

  1. Initializing Terraform directory
  2. Reviewing an execution plan
  3. Applying (executing) the Terraform plan

This guide describes all three steps in detail.

  1. Initialize Terraform, so that Terraform can read the variables and load all the necessary providers.

     terraform init

    The following output confirms Terraform’s successful initialization:

    * Finding linode/linode versions matching "1.16.0"...
* Finding latest version of hashicorp/aws...
* Installing linode/linode v1.16.0...
* Installed linode/linode v1.16.0 (signed by a HashiCorp partner, key ID F4E6BBD0EA4FE463)
* Installing hashicorp/aws v3.34.0...
* Installed hashicorp/aws v3.34.0 (signed by HashiCorp)
...
Terraform has been successfully initialized!

You may now begin working with Terraform. Try running "terraform plan" to see
any changes that are required for your infrastructure. All Terraform commands
should now work.
...
    Note
    If Terraform displays an error, run the init command again with debug mode turned on using TF_LOG=debug terraform init.

  2. Run the terraform plan command. This lists the resources that Terraform expects to create, change, or delete.

     terraform plan

    An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:

* create

Terraform will perform the following actions:

# aws_dynamodb_table.inventory-dynamodb-table will be created

* resource "aws_dynamodb_table" "inventory-dynamodb-table" {
  * arn              = (known after apply)
  * billing_mode     = "PROVISIONED"
  * hash_key         = "ArtistName"
  * id               = (known after apply)
  * name             = "RecordInventory"
  * range_key        = "AlbumTitle"
  * read_capacity    = 20
  * stream_arn       = (known after apply)
  * stream_label     = (known after apply)
  * stream_view_type = (known after apply)
  * write_capacity   = 20

  * attribute {
    * name = "AlbumTitle"
    * type = "S"
        }
  * attribute {
    * name = "ArtistName"
    * type = "S"
        }

  * point_in_time_recovery {
    * enabled = (known after apply)
        }

  * server_side_encryption {
    * enabled     = (known after apply)
    * kms_key_arn = (known after apply)
        }
    }

# linode_instance.terraform-example will be created

* resource "linode_instance" "terraform-example" {
  * backups            = (known after apply)
  * backups_enabled    = (known after apply)
  * boot_config_label  = (known after apply)
  * group              = "Terraform"
  * id                 = (known after apply)
  * image              = "linode/ubuntu20.04"
  * ip_address         = (known after apply)
  * ipv4               = (known after apply)
  * ipv6               = (known after apply)
  * label              = "Terraform-Web-Example"
  * private_ip_address = (known after apply)
  * region             = "eu-west"
  * root_pass          = (sensitive value)
  * specs              = (known after apply)
  * status             = (known after apply)
  * swap_size          = (known after apply)
  * type               = "g6-standard-1"
  * watchdog_enabled   = true

  * alerts {
    * cpu            = (known after apply)
    * io             = (known after apply)
    * network_in     = (known after apply)
    * network_out    = (known after apply)
    * transfer_quota = (known after apply)
        }
    }

Plan: 2 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.
  
     `terraform plan` won’t take any action or make any changes on your Linode account.
    Note

    If the command generates an error or some other unexpected result, re-run the terraform plan in debug mode.

    TF_LOG=debug terraform plan

  3. If there are no errors, start deploying new resources using the apply command.

     terraform apply

    Terraform displays the plan of action again and asks you for a confirmation. Enter yes to continue with the deployment.

    Terraform then provisions the resources in accordance with its plan. When Terraform has configured your multicloud infrastructure, it summarizes the results.

    Plan: 2 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

Do you want to perform these actions?
  Terraform will perform the actions described above.
  Only 'yes' will be accepted to approve.

  Enter a value: yes

linode_instance.terraform-web: Creating...
  alerts.#:           "" => "<computed>"
  authorized_keys.#:  "" => "1"
  authorized_keys.0:  "" => "ssh-rsa ..."
  backups.#:          "" => "<computed>"
  backups_enabled:    "" => "<computed>"
  boot_config_label:  "" => "<computed>"
  group:              "" => "Terraform"
  image:              "" => "linode/ubuntu18.04"
  ip_address:         "" => "<computed>"
  ipv4.#:             "" => "<computed>"
  ipv6:               "" => "<computed>"
  label:              "" => "web"
  private_ip_address: "" => "<computed>"
  region:             "" => "us-east"
  root_pass:          "<sensitive>" => "<sensitive>"
  specs.#:            "" => "<computed>"
  status:             "" => "<computed>"
  swap_size:          "" => "<computed>"
  type:               "" => "g6-standard-1"
  watchdog_enabled:   "" => "true"
linode_instance.terraform-web: Still creating... (10s elapsed)
linode_instance.terraform-web: Still creating... (20s elapsed)
linode_instance.terraform-web: Still creating... (30s elapsed)
linode_instance.terraform-web: Still creating... (40s elapsed)
linode_instance.terraform-web: Still creating... (50s elapsed)
linode_instance.terraform-web: Creation complete after 52s (ID: 10975739)

Apply complete! Resources: 1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.

  4. Visit the Linode Cloud Manager. You should see that the terraform-example Linode has been added to your account. Review the AWS Dashboard to verify the contents of the new database.

    Note
    Terraform stores details about the state of your resources in the terraform.tfstate file within the same directory.

Update the Terraform Configuration

Terraform can modify a resource without affecting the other elements of your infrastructure. Terraform gracefully handles configuration changes by comparing the current state of your infrastructure against the updated configuration files.

The following example illustrates how to simultaneously add a new Linode and change the AWS database table.

  1. Edit the linode-terraform.tf file, and add the following snippet to the end of the file. This defines a 1GB Linode running Ubuntu 20.04 as a new resource.

    File: ~/terraform/linode-terraform.tf
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    ...
resource "linode_instance" "terraform2-example" {
  image = "linode/ubuntu20.04"
  label = "terraform-web-example-2"
  group = "terraform"
  region = "eu-west"
  type = "g6-nanode-1"
  authorized_keys = [var.authorized_keys]
  root_pass = var.root_pass
}

  2. Edit the aws-terraform.tf, and alter one of the fields. In this case, change AlbumTitle to RecordTitle. Change the name of the range_key field to correspond to the new name.

    File: ~/terraform/aws-terraform.tf
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    ...
  range_key      = "RecordTitle"
...
  attribute {
    name = "RecordTitle"
    type = "S"
  }
...

  3. Execute the terraform plan command again.

     terraform plan

    Terraform displays the new plan, which calls for two additions and one deletion of the your resources.

    linode_instance.terraform-example: Refreshing state... [id=25603885]
aws_dynamodb_table.inventory-dynamodb-table: Refreshing state... [id=RecordInventory]

An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:

* create
-/+ destroy and then create replacement

Terraform will perform the following actions:

# aws_dynamodb_table.inventory-dynamodb-table must be replaced

-/+ resource "aws_dynamodb_table" "inventory-dynamodb-table" {
      ~ arn              = "arn:aws:dynamodb:eu-west-2:836653344247:table/RecordInventory" -> (known after apply)
      ~ id               = "RecordInventory" -> (known after apply)
        name             = "RecordInventory"
      ~ range_key        = "AlbumTitle" -> "RecordTitle" # forces replacement
      + stream_arn       = (known after apply)
      - stream_enabled   = false -> null
      + stream_label     = (known after apply)
      + stream_view_type = (known after apply)
      - tags             = {} -> null
        # (4 unchanged attributes hidden)

      - attribute {
          - name = "AlbumTitle" -> null
          - type = "S" -> null
        }
      + attribute {
          + name = "RecordTitle"
          + type = "S"
        }

      ~ point_in_time_recovery {
          ~ enabled = false -> (known after apply)
        }

      + server_side_encryption {
          + enabled     = (known after apply)
          + kms_key_arn = (known after apply)
        }

      - ttl {
          - enabled = false -> null
        }
        # (1 unchanged block hidden)
    }

# linode_instance.terraform2-example will be created

* resource "linode_instance" "terraform2-example" {
  * backups            = (known after apply)
  * backups_enabled    = (known after apply)
  * boot_config_label  = (known after apply)
  * group              = "Terraform"
  * id                 = (known after apply)
  * image              = "linode/ubuntu18.04"
  * ip_address         = (known after apply)
  * ipv4               = (known after apply)
  * ipv6               = (known after apply)
  * label              = "Terraform-Web-Example-2"
  * private_ip_address = (known after apply)
  * region             = "eu-west"
  * root_pass          = (sensitive value)
  * specs              = (known after apply)
  * status             = (known after apply)
  * swap_size          = (known after apply)
  * type               = "g6-nanode-1"
  * watchdog_enabled   = true

  * alerts {
    * cpu            = (known after apply)
    * io             = (known after apply)
    * network_in     = (known after apply)
    * network_out    = (known after apply)
    * transfer_quota = (known after apply)
        }
    }

Plan: 2 to add, 0 to change, 1 to destroy.

  4. When the plan is finalized, run the apply command to deploy the changes. Enter yes when prompted to proceed with the changes.

    terraform apply

    linode_instance.terraform2-example: Creating...
aws_dynamodb_table.inventory-dynamodb-table: Destroying... [id=RecordInventory]
aws_dynamodb_table.inventory-dynamodb-table: Destruction complete after 2s
aws_dynamodb_table.inventory-dynamodb-table: Creating...
aws_dynamodb_table.inventory-dynamodb-table: Creation complete after 7s [id=RecordInventory]
linode_instance.terraform2-example: Still creating... [10s elapsed]
linode_instance.terraform2-example: Still creating... [20s elapsed]
linode_instance.terraform2-example: Still creating... [30s elapsed]
linode_instance.terraform2-example: Still creating... [40s elapsed]
linode_instance.terraform2-example: Creation complete after 48s [id=25624349]

Apply complete! Resources: 2 added, 0 changed, 1 destroyed.

  5. Visit the Linode Cloud Manager, and the AWS dashboard to verify the updates were implemented correctly.

Destroy the Terraform Configuration

Terraform includes a destroy command to completely delete your infrastructure’s resources when they are no longer required.

  1. Run the plan command with the -destroy flag to verify the list of resources that are scheduled for deletion.

     terraform plan -destroy

    An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:

* destroy

Terraform will perform the following actions:

# aws_dynamodb_table.inventory-dynamodb-table will be destroyed

...

# linode_instance.terraform-example will be destroyed

...

# linode_instance.terraform2-example will be destroyed

...
Plan: 0 to add, 0 to change, 3 to destroy.

  2. Run the terraform destroy command to destroy (delete) your resources. Enter yes when Terraform asks you to confirm the changes.

    terraform destroy
    Important
    This command permanently deletes your resources. This operation cannot be undone or reversed.
      Plan: 0 to add, 0 to change, 3 to destroy.

  Do you really want to destroy all resources?
    Terraform will destroy all your managed infrastructure, as shown above.
    There is no undo. Only 'yes' will be accepted to confirm.

    Enter a value: yes

  linode_instance.terraform-example: Destroying... [id=25603885]
  linode_instance.terraform2-example: Destroying... [id=25624349]
  aws_dynamodb_table.inventory-dynamodb-table: Destroying... [id=RecordInventory]
  aws_dynamodb_table.inventory-dynamodb-table: Destruction complete after 3s
  linode_instance.terraform2-example: Destruction complete after 4s
  linode_instance.terraform-example: Destruction complete after 4s

  Destroy complete! Resources: 3 destroyed.

  3. Visit the Linode Cloud Manager, and verify the devices and services have been removed.

Learn More About Terraform

Terraform is revolutionizing the DevOps ecosystem by transforming the way infrastructure is managed. It offers many advanced techniques to help streamline common IaC tasks. For instance, Terraform modules can package frequently-used configuration tasks together.

See Linode’s Guide to Creating a Terraform Module for instructions on how to create a module.

Useful References:

More Information

You may wish to consult the following resources for additional information on this topic. While these are provided in the hope that they will be useful, please note that we cannot vouch for the accuracy or timeliness of externally hosted materials.

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