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How do using VLANs affect transmission speed?

From what I've understood, data sent in a VLAN does not leave the data centre in which the VLAN was created.

Is transmitting data over VLAN faster than using normal public IP addresses? How does the speed differ according to public, private IPs and VLANs

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You are correct that data sent over a VLAN remains in that region. As for how network transfer speeds compare, I ran two iperf3 tests - one through the VLAN and the other with the VLAN completely removed. The results are below:

Through the VLAN
Targeting the IPAM address:

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
[ ID] Interval           Transfer     Bitrate         Retr
[  5]   0.00-10.00  sec  1.27 GBytes  1.09 Gbits/sec  3209             sender
[  5]   0.00-10.04  sec  1.27 GBytes  1.09 Gbits/sec                  receiver

Without a VLAN
Targeting the public IPv4 address:

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
[ ID] Interval           Transfer     Bitrate         Retr
[  5]   0.00-10.00  sec  1.28 GBytes  1.10 Gbits/sec  6351             sender
[  5]   0.00-10.04  sec  1.28 GBytes  1.09 Gbits/sec                  receiver

As you can see, the results are pretty much the same. I ran this iperf about 2-3 times for each test and the results just hover around that 1.10 Gbit/sec threshold.

I should note, the above tests were conducted in Atlanta on 1GB Nanodes. Hence, the intra-DC speed of 1 Gbit/sec.

For more information on VLANS, please refer to this documentation.

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